Summary
Historic country which competes annually with France as the largest producer of wine. From alps in the north to Mediterranean islands nearing Africa in the south, the diversity of terroir and wine styles is large. EU accession in 1958 brought investment in cellar equipment and overall modernisation leading to improved quality in both grapes and wine. Upwards of 500 native grapes can be found, with some international grapes taking hold in various areas. With domestic consumption in steady decline, bulk wine production has followed suit. Producers are now showing a higher focus towards constrained yields and quality winemaking. Average vineyard holdings are very small, with merchants and cooperatives essential to the industry. Wine exports are extremely important, accounting for ⅖ of total production.